Venezuela’s oil industry stands at a critical inflection point, combining immense resource potential with deep structural and political challenges. A potential political transition could open the door to sanctions relief and renewed foreign investment, theoretically allowing output to more than double over the next decade, but this outcome is far from assured.

Ukraine frames refinery strikes as an effort to erode Russia’s war-fighting capacity. President Zelensky describes the campaign as more effective than traditional sanctions in restricting Russia’s oil industry.

As carbon costs change, the value of hydrogen in some applications also changes.